{"id":397,"date":"2018-04-09T06:10:41","date_gmt":"2018-04-09T06:10:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/192.168.88.8\/dummy-data\/?p=62"},"modified":"2019-10-15T15:15:53","modified_gmt":"2019-10-15T12:15:53","slug":"genel-islem-kosullari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kureselhukuk.com\/en\/genel-islem-kosullari\/","title":{"rendered":"Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n\n6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu<\/a>nun 20-25. maddelerinde Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, Yasa 01 Temmuz 2012 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Giri\u015f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131 ilk defa 2003 tarihinde yap\u0131lan bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik ile 4077 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcketicinin Korunmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanunun 6. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fclkelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu da t\u00fcketici s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yasal d\u00fczenlemelerle kabul etmi\u015f; t\u00fcketiciyi koruyucu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri getirmi\u015ftir. Almanya ve k\u0131smen Avusturya\u2019da ise; t\u00fcketici s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmaks\u0131z\u0131n tek tip standart s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde Genel \u0130\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131 genel olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu 20-25 maddeler<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile ilgili BK. 20-25. maddelerde esas itibariyle Alman Medeni Kanunu ile ilgili maddeleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmu\u015ftur. Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile ilgili 20-25. maddelerinde, genel olarak Alman Medeni Kanununun Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile ilgili maddelerinden esinlenildi\u011fi Tasar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski Bor\u00e7lar Yasas\u0131nda yer almayan ve 6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Yasas\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201cGenel \u0130\u015flem \u015eartlar\u0131\u201d, ana hatlar\u0131yla ele al\u0131narak incelenecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.Genel \u0130\u015flem \u015eartlar\u0131n\u0131n Unsurlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 20. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 unsuru bulunmaktad\u0131r. Madde itibariyle bu unsurlar;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. \u00c7ok say\u0131da benzer s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kullanma amac\u0131
    b. \u00d6nceden ve tek tarafl\u0131 haz\u0131rlanma
    c. Kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa sunma \u015feklinde belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Doktrinde bu unsurlara ek olarak \u015fartlar\u0131n tek yanl\u0131 haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, genel ve soyut nitelik ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 gibi unsurlarda say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu unsurlar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rmayan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamayacakt\u0131r. Alman uygulamas\u0131 ve doktrini genelde en az \u00fc\u00e7 kez kullan\u0131lmay\u0131 aramaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fulu Say\u0131lan S\u00f6zle\u015fme Maddeleri (md. 20)<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    20\/1. maddeye g\u00f6re genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131l\u0131rken d\u00fczenleyenin ileride \u00e7ok say\u0131da benzer s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kullanmak amac\u0131yla \u00f6nceden tek ba\u015f\u0131na haz\u0131rlayarak kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa sundu\u011fu s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmleridir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin s\u00f6zle\u015fme metninde veya ekinde yer almas\u0131, kapsam\u0131, yaz\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u015fekli nitelendirmede \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131 tip s\u00f6zle\u015fme, kitle s\u00f6zle\u015fme, kat\u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme, iltihak\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme form\u00fcler s\u00f6zle\u015fme veya standart s\u00f6zle\u015fme olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    20. madde gerek\u00e7esi <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    H\u00fck\u00fcmet Tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 20. madde gerek\u00e7esinde, bu standart s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin d\u00fczenleyenleri, sigorta \u015firketleri, dayan\u0131kl\u0131 t\u00fcketim mallar\u0131 \u00fcretimini ve pazarlamas\u0131n\u0131 yapan giri\u015fimciler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6nce soyut ve tek tarafl\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler oldu\u011fu belirtilmekte ise de, bu yeni d\u00fczenlemelerden en \u00e7ok etkilenecek d\u00fczenleyicilerin \u00f6zellikle bankalar oldu\u011fu muhakkakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tasar\u0131n\u0131n madde gerek\u00e7esinde kitlelere y\u00f6nelik bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler ve pazarl\u0131klar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011finildikten sonra bireylerin bu t\u00fcr bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin uygulanmas\u0131nda korunmas\u0131 ve emredici genel h\u00fck\u00fcmler \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenmesi gerekti\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Yasa Koyucu 20\/1. maddesinde; tek tip s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu\u011funu belirtmekle yetinmemi\u015f, 20. maddenin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131nda sunduklar\u0131 hizmetleri kanun veya yetkili makamlar taraf\u0131ndan verilen izinle y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte olan ki\u015fi ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere de niteliklerine bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin uygulanabilece\u011fini h\u00fckme ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Tasar\u0131n\u0131n 20\/4. maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde bu ki\u015fi ve kurumlar\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler her durumda tip s\u00f6zle\u015fme olarak kabul edilmekte, b\u00f6ylece mutlak surette genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n emredici d\u00fczenlemesine ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulmu\u015f olmaktad\u0131r. Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n tabi oldu\u011fu emredici d\u00fczenleme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00f6zle\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan taraf\u0131n kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fisi olmas\u0131, uygulama farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011furmayacakt\u0131r denilmi\u015ftir. Tek k\u0131stas s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Eylem Plan\u0131n\u0131n 4.2. maddesinde <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n Bor\u00e7lar Kanununda yer almas\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmet Tasar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde \u00f6ncelikle Avrupa Birli\u011fi mevzuat\u0131 ile uyumlu olmaya dayand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupa Birli\u011fi mevzuat\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere 5 Nisan 1993 tarihli ve 93\/13 EWG say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcketici s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerindeki k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanabilecek \u015fartlara ili\u015fkin Direktif\u2019te ve Avrupa Komisyonu taraf\u0131ndan Avrupa Parlamentosuna sunulan Avrupa S\u00f6zle\u015fme Hukukuna y\u00f6nelik 2003\/c 63\/01 say\u0131l\u0131 Eylem Plan\u0131n\u0131n 4.2. maddesinde genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme veya ekinde yer alabilece\u011fi gibi, kapsam\u0131, yaz\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u015feklinin farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 da bu nitelendirmeyi etkilemeyecektir. Yasan\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, bu \u015fekilde baz\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulu say\u0131lmamas\u0131 \u00f6nlenmek istenmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    20\/2. maddeye g\u00f6re ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7la d\u00fczenlenen s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin metinlerinin \u00f6zde\u015f olmamas\u0131, bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulu olmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    20\/2. maddenin gerek\u00e7esinde maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemeyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 dayatma konumunda olan taraf\u0131n, haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tip s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n teknolojik imk\u00e2nlar\u0131ndan yararlanarak, farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemler kullanarak bunlar\u0131n tip s\u00f6zle\u015fme olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin bireysel s\u00f6zle\u015fme oldu\u011fu iddialar\u0131n\u0131n ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi engellenmi\u015ftir. K\u0131sacas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme metinlerindeki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na tabi olmalar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemsiz say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde tip s\u00f6zle\u015fme y\u00f6ntemine ba\u015fvuran taraf\u0131n, \u00e7ok say\u0131da farkl\u0131 tipte s\u00f6zle\u015fme haz\u0131rlayarak, m\u00fc\u015fterileri ile ili\u015fkilerinde genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini dolanmas\u0131 yolu da kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    III. Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n Ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi ve Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong> <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Genel Olarak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi ve ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 standart s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi d\u00fczenleyen ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Standart s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin, kendi lehine ya da d\u00fczenleyen aleyhine t\u00fcm maddeleri d\u00fczenleyene kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fteri taraf\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erli ve ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilecektir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc d\u00fczenleyen 21\/1. maddedeki \u015fartlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat edebildi\u011fi takdirde m\u00fc\u015fteriye kar\u015f\u0131 da ge\u00e7erli ve ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olacak; \u00f6nemli di\u011fer bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ise (Md. 21\/2, Md. 24 ve Md. 25) m\u00fc\u015fteri kabul etse ve d\u00fczenleyen bunu ispatlasa dahi m\u00fc\u015fteriye kar\u015f\u0131 mutlak \u015fekilde ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131lacakt\u0131r. M\u00fc\u015fteriye kar\u015f\u0131 mutlaka ge\u00e7ersiz maddeler, d\u00fczenleyene kar\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7erli olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Say\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fteriye kar\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz ve ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kanunda yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma \u015feklinde ifade edilmi\u015f olup; yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma ibaresine 21. maddenin 1 ve 2. f\u0131kralar\u0131nda ve 24. madde de yer verilmi\u015ftir. Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lma genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz oldu\u011fu, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede hi\u00e7 dikkate al\u0131nmayaca\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011finden yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Zira s\u00f6zle\u015fme maddeleri ge\u00e7ersiz olmay\u0131p, sadece s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemeyecektir. Madde gerek\u00e7esinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin di\u011fer taraf\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden yararlanabilece\u011finde duraksama yoktur denilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fc\u015fteri Hakk\u0131nda Ge\u00e7erli ve Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 Olmas\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Zorunlu hususlar (Md. 21\/1)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Genel olarak<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kapsam\u0131na girmesi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda d\u00fczenleyenin kar\u015f\u0131 tarafa bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi verip, bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131na ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131nda bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 kabul etmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi takdirde genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Birinci f\u0131krada kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmesi gereksizdir. Zira genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 standart tek tip s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde d\u00fczenleyeni de\u011fil, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in konuldu\u011fundan, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131 kendi lehine olan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden yararlanacak ve menfaatine ayk\u0131r\u0131 buldu\u011fu t\u00fcm maddelerin kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrebilecektir. 21\/1. maddesinde ispat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n\u0131n bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 kabul etmesi yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclmemekte; m\u00fc\u015fterinin bilgilendirildi\u011finin, ko\u015fullar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme imk\u00e2n\u0131n da sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenleyici taraf\u0131ndan ispat\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    D\u00fczenleyenin 21\/1. maddedeki zorunlu hususlar\u0131 nas\u0131l ispat etmesi<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    D\u00fczenleyenin 21\/1. maddedeki hususlar\u0131 nas\u0131l ispat edece\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. 20\/3. maddeye g\u00f6re genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye veya ayr\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye konulan bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n her birinin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131larak kabul edildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin kay\u0131tlar tek ba\u015f\u0131na, onlar\u0131 genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulu olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Uygulamada \u00e7ok say\u0131da tip s\u00f6zle\u015fmede, metinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin t\u00fcm h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin her birinin okundu\u011funa, tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve bu \u015fekilde kabul edildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler yer almaktad\u0131r. Hatta s\u00f6zle\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda imza ile birlikte ek d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131larak s\u00f6zle\u015fme metninin ve\/veya genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n okundu\u011funa, anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve bu yolla kabul edildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 i\u00e7eren tutanaklar d\u00fczenlenebilmektedir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7ok sayfal\u0131 tip s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde sayfalardan her birine kat\u0131lan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca imza atmas\u0131 ya da bu t\u00fcrden a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla birlikte imza atmas\u0131 farkl\u0131 bir uygulamaya yol a\u00e7mayacakt\u0131r. Hatta her maddenin ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ya da bu t\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla imzalanmas\u0131 da genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri dolanmaya yetmeyecektir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc f\u0131kra h\u00fckm\u00fcyle \u2018B\u00f6yle kay\u0131tlar\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin emredici d\u00fczenlemenin \u00f6nlenemeyece\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir\u2019denilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    21\/1 maddedeki zorunlu hususlar\u0131n d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l ispat edilece\u011fi 20\/3. f\u0131kras\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak de\u011ferlendirilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u2013 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin imzalanmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce \u2013 bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n \u2013 t\u00fcm maddeler \u2013 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kendisine bilgi verildi\u011fini; b\u00f6ylece bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fini ve kabul etti\u011fini beyan etmesi ve bunun d\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131ndan ispat edilmesi gerekecektir. Bu beyanlar\u0131n ispat i\u00e7in HMK 200. maddesinde yaz\u0131l\u0131 ispat zorunlulu\u011fu 2500 TL den fazla miktarlar i\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusudur yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu yaz\u0131l\u0131 beyanlar\u0131n \u2013 bu kay\u0131tlar\u0131n \u2013 ister matbu, isterse el yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile olsun; d\u00fczenleyenler taraf\u0131ndan tek tarafl\u0131 olarak haz\u0131rlanan kredi s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri d\u00e2hil \u2013 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00fczerinde bulunmas\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    20\/3. maddede bu kay\u0131tlar\u0131n ayr\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye konulmas\u0131n\u0131n da ge\u00e7ersiz olaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Burada m\u00fc\u015fterinin imzas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir beyan\u0131n bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme say\u0131l\u0131p say\u0131lmamas\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. 1\/1. maddesinde \u2013 ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde BK 1\/1 \u2013 iki taraf kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ve birbirine uygun surette r\u0131zalar\u0131n\u0131 beyan ettikleri takdirde akit tamam olur denilmektedir. Kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n tek tarafl\u0131 beyan\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu, zira bu beyan\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi i\u00e7in d\u00fczenleyenin muvafakatinin aranmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iki taraf\u0131n \u2013 m\u00fc\u015fterinin ve d\u00fczenleyenin \u2013 birbirine uygun surette r\u0131zalar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131n gerekmedi\u011fi, bu beyan\u0131n ispat a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu beyan\u0131n \u2013 kay\u0131tlar\u0131n \u2013 ancak d\u00fczenleyen ile m\u00fc\u015fteri aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ayr\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00fczerine konulmas\u0131 halinde ge\u00e7ersiz olaca\u011f\u0131 hukuka uygun ve ge\u00e7erli olarak savunulabilecektir.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      M\u00fc\u015fteri, taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenleyene verilen yaz\u0131l\u0131 beyan\u0131n bir \u201cs\u00f6zle\u015fme\u201d olu\u015fturdu\u011funun kabul\u00fc halinde ise, D\u00fczenleyen ile m\u00fc\u015fterileri aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerdeki genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fteriye kar\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini sa\u011flaman\u0131n tek yolu, noter huzurunda d\u00fczenleyenin m\u00fc\u015fteriyi s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin t\u00fcm maddeleri konusunda tek tek bilgilendirmesi, m\u00fc\u015fterisine bu maddelerin i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131; m\u00fc\u015fterinin bunlar\u0131 kabul etmesi ve bu konuda noterde i\u015flem yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. Noterlik Kanununun 84. maddesi uyar\u0131nca hukuki i\u015flem \u2013 s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u2013 noter taraf\u0131ndan bir tutanakla d\u00fczenlenecek, s\u00f6zle\u015fme taraflar\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen ile m\u00fc\u015fterinin \u2013 d\u00fczenleyenin m\u00fc\u015fteriyi s\u00f6zle\u015fme maddeleri hakk\u0131nda bilgilendirdi\u011fi, m\u00fc\u015fterinin maddelerin i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fi ve ko\u015fullar\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi \u015feklindeki \u2013 noter huzurundaki beyanlar\u0131 mutlaka tutana\u011fa ge\u00e7irilecektir. Ancak, D\u00fczenleyenler taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen t\u00fcm s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin bu \u015fekilde noterden ge\u00e7irilmesi fiilen m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, m\u00fc\u015fterilere b\u00fcy\u00fck mali k\u00fclfete de neden olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      20\/3 maddenin; m\u00fc\u015fteri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan yaz\u0131l\u0131 beyanlar\u0131n bir \u201cs\u00f6zle\u015fme\u201d olarak kabul edilmesi halinde, bu f\u0131kra d\u00fczenleyenin fiilen ispat hakk\u0131n\u0131 elinden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Zira bu durumda m\u00fc\u015fterinin D\u00fczenleyenin ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi imzalamas\u0131, krediyi almas\u0131, ancak d\u00fczenleyenin kendisini koruyucu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden yararlanmak istemesi halinde, kendi aleyhine olan t\u00fcm h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmesi imk\u00e2n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin Niteli\u011fine ve \u0130\u015fin \u00d6zelli\u011fine Yabanc\u0131 Olan Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n Mutlak Olarak Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Say\u0131lmas\u0131     (Md. 21\/2)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        21\/2. f\u0131krada s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin niteli\u011fine ve i\u015fin \u00f6zelli\u011fine yabanc\u0131 olan genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 da yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r denilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        21\/2. madde; Kanundan dolay\u0131 mutlak olarak m\u00fc\u015fteriye kar\u015f\u0131 yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        1. maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131 ile ilgili gerek\u00e7ede; \u201c Bu nitelikteki genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenleyen ve bunlar hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bilgi verilip, i\u00e7eri\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve di\u011fer taraf\u0131nda kabul etmesi, yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmas\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemez\u201d denilmi\u015ftir.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          Duruma ve \u00f6zellikle s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne g\u00f6re al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olan ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n\u0131n bunlar\u0131 hesaba katmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekmedi\u011fi genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaz. Hangi genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin niteli\u011fine, i\u015fin \u00f6zelli\u011fine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu her somut olaya g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          1. maddenin ikinci f\u0131kra gerek\u00e7esinde mesela uygulamada d\u00f6viz tevdiat hesab\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde, yat\u0131r\u0131lan yabanc\u0131 paradan farkl\u0131 bir yabanc\u0131 para ya da T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131 ile hesaptaki mebla\u011f\u0131n \u00f6denebilece\u011fi genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131na s\u0131k\u00e7a rastlanmaktad\u0131r. D\u00f6viz hesab\u0131n belli bir para cinsinden a\u00e7t\u0131ran ki\u015fiye, hesab\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kurumca farkl\u0131 bir yabanc\u0131 para ya da T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131 ile \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu t\u00fcr bir genel i\u015flem ko\u015fulu yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Nitekim \u0130svi\u00e7re Federal mahkemesinin bir karar\u0131nda da cari hesap \u015feklinde i\u015fleyen bir kredi i\u015fleminde ipote\u011fe ili\u015fkin metnin i\u00e7ine \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc olarak konulmu\u015f olan bir kefalet y\u00fcklemini ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur (BGE 49 II 285). Ayr\u0131ca kredi s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde nerede ise ayr\u0131ks\u0131z olarak yer verilen kredi kurumunun diledi\u011fi anda hi\u00e7bir gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stermeksizin hesab\u0131 kat edece\u011fi, ili\u015fkiye son verece\u011fine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler de ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olduklar\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lacakt\u0131r \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klamalar yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/li>
          2. Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Say\u0131lman\u0131n S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin T\u00fcm\u00fcne Etkisi (Md. 22)<\/strong><\/li>
          3. maddeye g\u00f6re s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini korur. Bu durumda d\u00fczenleyen yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lan ko\u015fullar olmasayd\u0131, di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yapmayacak oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcremez. Bu husus Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun 27\/2. maddesinde yer alan S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olmas\u0131, di\u011ferlerinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini etkilemez. Ancak bu h\u00fck\u00fcmler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamam\u0131 kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olur \u015feklindeki d\u00fczenlemeye ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

            E.Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n Yorumlanmas\u0131 (Md. 23)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131nda yer alan bir h\u00fck\u00fcm, a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r de\u011fil ise veya birden fazla anlama geliyorsa, d\u00fczenleyen aleyhine ve kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n lehine yorumlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Alman Medeni kanununda da (Md. 306\/2) genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yorumunda \u015f\u00fcphe varsa d\u00fczenleyenin aleyhine yorumlan\u0131r denilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Bu madde Roma Hukukundan gelen in dubio contra stipulato rem, \u015f\u00fcphe halinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin d\u00fczenleyen aleyhine uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 \u015feklindeki genel kural\u0131n tekrar\u0131ndan ibarettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            Madde gerek\u00e7esinde Bu esaslar 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanununun 2. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131n\u0131n, genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zel bir uygulama alan\u0131 olu\u015fturur denilmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

            1. Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n Tek Tarafl\u0131 Olarak D\u00fczenleyen taraf\u0131ndan De\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi ya da Yeni D\u00fczenleme Yetkisinin Yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Say\u0131lmas\u0131 (Md. 24)<\/strong><\/li>
            2. Genel Olarak<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

              De\u011fi\u015ftirme Yasa\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 24. maddeye g\u00f6re Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alan ve d\u00fczenleyene tek yanl\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf aleyhine genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirme ya da yeni d\u00fczenleme getirme yetkisi veren kay\u0131tlar yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Madde gerek\u00e7esinde \u201cMaddede, kendisine b\u00f6yle bir yetkiyi sakl\u0131 tutmu\u015f olsa bile, d\u00fczenleyenin bu yetkisine dayanarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi tek yanl\u0131, yani diledi\u011fi gibi de\u011fi\u015ftirme ya da yeni d\u00fczenleme yapma yolu kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu t\u00fcr kay\u0131tlar\u0131n yaz\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\u201d denilmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k di\u011fer taraf lehine yap\u0131lacak de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin ya da yeni d\u00fczenlemelerin ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              1. madde, d\u00fczenleyene tek tarafl\u0131 olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile tan\u0131nan, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kendi lehine de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ya da yeni d\u00fczenlemeler yapma yetkisini ge\u00e7ersiz saymakta, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k taraflar\u0131n anla\u015farak s\u00f6zle\u015fmede de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmalar\u0131na yasal bir engel bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/li>
              2. T\u00fcketici kredilerine genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131<\/strong><\/li>
              3. madde gerek\u00e7esinde; \u201cBu t\u00fcr d\u00fczenlemeler Hukukumuza yabanc\u0131 de\u011fildir. 4077 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcketicinin Korunmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanunu<\/a>n 6 ve 6\/A maddelerinde de s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki haks\u0131z \u015fartlara ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeyle t\u00fcketiciyi koruyucu nitelikte benzer h\u00fck\u00fcmler yer verilmi\u015ftir.\u201d denilmektedir.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                4077 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasada t\u00fcketiciler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki haks\u0131z \u015fartlar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 6. maddede d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Bu maddeye g\u00f6re Sat\u0131c\u0131 veya sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcketiciyle m\u00fczakere etmeden tek tarafl\u0131 olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye koydu\u011fu, taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinde iyi niyet kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek bi\u00e7imde t\u00fcketici aleyhine dengesizli\u011fe neden olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131 haks\u0131z say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Taraflardan birinin t\u00fcketicinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alan haks\u0131z \u015fartlar t\u00fcketici i\u00e7in ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda 4077 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasan\u0131n 6. maddesinde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklik ile taraflardan birinin t\u00fcketici oldu\u011fu tip, standart s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler \u2013 Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcyelerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun kabul etti\u011fi gibi \u2013 genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                Ancak 6. maddeye g\u00f6re t\u00fcketicinin, genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in t\u00fcketici s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden do\u011fan hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin iyi niyet kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek bi\u00e7imde t\u00fcketici aleyhine dengesizli\u011fe neden olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                1. Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131na M\u00fc\u015fterinin Aleyhine veya Onun Durumunu A\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 Nitelikte H\u00fck\u00fcm Konulamamas\u0131 (Md. 25)<\/strong><\/li>
                2. maddeye g\u00f6re Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131na, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n aleyhine veya onun durumunun a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte h\u00fck\u00fcmler konulamaz.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                  Maddenin ne anlama geldi\u011fi ve hukuki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ne olaca\u011f\u0131; kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n 21\/1. maddeye g\u00f6re bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi takdirde; genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erlilik kazan\u0131p kazanmayaca\u011f\u0131, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle de mutlak \u015fekilde ge\u00e7ersiz mi olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  1. maddenin gerek\u00e7esinde; \u201cBu t\u00fcr h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 27. maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesi anlam\u0131nda kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck olacakt\u0131r.\u201d denilmektedir.<\/li>
                  2. Ele\u015ftiriler ve De\u011ferlendirmeler<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

                    6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanununda yer alan Genel \u0130\u015flem \u015eartlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler, ba\u015fta bankalar olmak \u00fczere tip s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri kullanma zarureti i\u00e7erisindeki bulunan yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n olduk\u00e7a sert ele\u015ftirilerine maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Gerek doktrin gerekse ticari ekonomik hayat\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde yer alan kurumlar taraf\u0131ndan, genel olarak bor\u00e7lar hukukuna egemen olan bireysel s\u00f6zle\u015fme modelinin zedelendi\u011fi, t\u00fcketiciye ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in standart s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler yapmak zorunda olan sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlemedeki \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda bu tip s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayaca\u011f\u0131, her mal ve hizmet temini i\u00e7in t\u00fcketici ile bir araya gelerek ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n tek tek m\u00fczakere ve teyit ederek akit yapmas\u0131n\u0131n imk\u00e2ns\u0131z oldu\u011fu, d\u00fczenleyene neredeyse imk\u00e2ns\u0131z bir ispat k\u00fclfeti y\u00fcklendi\u011fi ve fiilen ispat hakk\u0131n\u0131n elinden al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, t\u00fcm bu olumsuzluklar\u0131n ticari hayat\u0131 olduk\u00e7a yava\u015flataca\u011f\u0131 hatta i\u00e7inden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmaz sorunlarla i\u015flemez hale getirece\u011fi gibi nedenlerle ciddi \u015fekilde ele\u015ftirilmektedir. Bununla birlikte s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin zay\u0131f taraf\u0131 durumunda olan, ekonomik g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedeniyle pazarl\u0131k kozundan mahrum olarak masaya oturan, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 ve detaylar\u0131 ile ilgili bilgi ve tecr\u00fcbe yeterlili\u011fi bulunmayan ve bulunmas\u0131 beklenmeyen ve zaten bireysel s\u00f6zle\u015fme hakk\u0131 elinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f durumdaki t\u00fcketicinin\/kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Bu konuda en sert ele\u015ftiri ve itirazlarda bulunan kurum olan bankalar\u0131n, y\u0131llard\u0131r genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ihtiva eden tip s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler d\u00fczenlemek suretiyle t\u00fcketici haklar\u0131n\u0131 gerekti\u011fi hassasiyetle nazar\u0131 itibara almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da \u00fclkemizde hemen herkes\u00e7e bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Bu durumda s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin zay\u0131f taraf\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lerin e\u015fitli\u011fi gere\u011fince korunmas\u0131 prensibi en temel hukuk ilkelerinden biri oldu\u011fundan, kanunun say\u0131lan d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemleri de bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede yorumlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Kald\u0131 ki Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fclkelerinde de benzer durumda olan t\u00fcketicinin korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik tedbirlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olarak geni\u015fletildi\u011fi de unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak burada dikkat edilmesi gereken husus taraflar aras\u0131ndaki dengenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, bir taraf i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalenin di\u011fer taraf aleyhine dengesizli\u011fe neden olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Alman Medeni Kanununda yer alan sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 lehine g\u00f6r\u00fclen pek \u00e7ok d\u00fczenleme TBK genel i\u015flem \u015fartlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki bu durum sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sorunlara neden olabilecek ehemmiyettedir. Yine de Yeni T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunun mehaz kanunlardaki normatif d\u00fczenlemelerden ka\u00e7\u0131narak i\u015fi uygulama sahas\u0131na, yani yarg\u0131\u00e7lara b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir durumdur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    Av.\u015e\u00fckran \u00c7iftel<\/a><\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                    6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun 20-25. maddelerinde Genel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, Yasa 01 Temmuz 2012 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3190,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[56,57,55],"yoast_head":"\nGenel \u0130\u015flem Ko\u015fullar\u0131<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Genel i\u015flem ko\u015fullar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme veya ekinde yer alabilece\u011fi gibi, kapsam\u0131, yaz\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc ve \u015feklinin farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 da bu nitelendirmeyi etkilemeyecektir.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kureselhukuk.com\/en\/genel-islem-kosullari\/\" \/>\n<meta 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