{"id":394,"date":"2018-04-09T06:28:33","date_gmt":"2018-04-09T06:28:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/192.168.88.8\/dummy-data\/?p=69"},"modified":"2019-08-16T10:49:31","modified_gmt":"2019-08-16T07:49:31","slug":"banka-ana-sozlesmeleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kureselhukuk.com\/en\/banka-ana-sozlesmeleri\/","title":{"rendered":"Banka Ana S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Bankalar, sahip olduklar\u0131 \u00f6nem nedeniyle, \u00f6teden beri Ticaret Kanunu haricinde, kendi \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi tutulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak yine de Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan g\u00f6nderme sebebiyle Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu\u2019nda h\u00fck\u00fcm bulunmayan hallerde bankalara da TTK h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 esast\u0131r. Bu nedenle bankalar\u0131n hukuki yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in her iki kanunun beraber de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, bankalar\u0131n birer Anonim \u015eirket olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6ncelikli olarak Anonim \u015eirketlerin kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine k\u0131saca de\u011finilecek, daha sonra tasar\u0131 ile yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler sunulacak ve son olarak ise bankalar\u0131n kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi verilecektir.<\/p>\n

2.Genel Olarak Anonim Ortakl\u0131klar\u0131n Kurulu\u015f \u0130\u015flemleri<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, Anonim Ortakl\u0131klar\u0131n kurulu\u015f i\u015flemlerinin temelini te\u015fkil etmektedir. Ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, s\u00f6z konusu ana s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile bunun \u00fczerindeki kurucular\u0131n imzalar\u0131 noter taraf\u0131ndan tasdik edilir.<\/p>\n

Kurulu\u015f i\u00e7in gereken di\u011fer belgelerin de tamamlanmas\u0131ndan sonra, e\u011fer kurulu\u015f i\u00e7in herhangi bir izin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekiyorsa bunlar sa\u011flan\u0131r. Daha sonra ise ticaret siciline \u015firket tescil edilerek kurulmu\u015f olur. Anonim Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hukuki olarak varl\u0131k kazanabilmesi i\u00e7in mutlaka tescil ve ilan edilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

3.Anonim Ortakl\u0131klarda Ana S\u00f6zle\u015fme<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Anonim Ortakl\u0131klar\u2019\u0131n ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, TTK h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca ve bunlara uygun olarak d\u00fczenlenmek zorundad\u0131rlar. Ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde yer almas\u0131 gereken unsurlar, TTK madde 279 ile saptanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anonim Ortakl\u0131klar, tacir say\u0131lmalar\u0131 nedeniyle TK 41 gere\u011fince ticaret unvan\u0131 kullanmak zorundad\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle de ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede bu unsurun mutlaka yer almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu unvan, TTK md 45 uyar\u0131nca, \u015firketin i\u015ftigal konular\u0131ndan en az biri ile \u015firketin t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ermek zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anonim Ortakl\u0131klar\u0131n hangi konularla i\u015ftigal edebilece\u011fi TTK 271\u2019de belirlenmi\u015f ve kanuna ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmamak kayd\u0131yla her t\u00fcrl\u00fc iktisadi konular i\u00e7in kurulabilecekleri ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olan nokta, bunun mutlaka ticari de\u011fil, zirai i\u015fler veya fikri hizmet de olabilece\u011fidir. Konu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan di\u011fer bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama ise, s\u00f6z konusu konuda faaliyet g\u00f6stermenin ba\u015fka d\u00fczenlemelerle s\u0131n\u0131rlan\u0131p s\u0131n\u0131rlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. S\u00f6zgelimi, sadece devletin tekelinde olan bir konuda faaliyet g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla Anonim \u015eirket kurulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Faaliyet konusu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kanuni y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere uygun davranman\u0131n neticesinde, Anonim Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n de\u011fil adi ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurulmu\u015f bulundu\u011fu iddias\u0131 at\u0131labilecektir. Ne var ki, faaliyeti s\u00fcresince konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kanuna riayet etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc Anonim Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurulduktan sonra ayk\u0131r\u0131 davranmas\u0131 \u015firketin adi ortakl\u0131k olarak nitelendirilmesine yol a\u00e7mayacak ve fakat s\u00f6z konusu i\u015flemlerin ge\u00e7ersiz kabul edilmelerine neden olacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle \u015firketle hukuki ili\u015fkiye \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slar korunmak istenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Maddede ilk \u00fc\u00e7 bentte say\u0131lan unsurlar\u0131n muhakkak b\u00fct\u00fcn anonim \u015firket ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde yer almas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ancak, her ne kadar ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin zorunlu unsurlar\u0131 olarak kabul edilseler de, ayn\u0131 \u015feyi sonraki d\u00f6rt bent i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Zira bu unsurlar, ancak Anonim Ortakl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan orada ifade edilen durumlar\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmas\u0131 halinde ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede belirtilmek durumundad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, kurucular taraf\u0131ndan \u015firketin kurulmas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda herhangi bir \u015fey sat\u0131n al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015fsa bunun ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede g\u00f6sterilmesinin bir anlam\u0131 ve hatta l\u00fczumu yoktur.<\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131da belirtilen zorunlu unsurlar haricinde, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ba\u015fka h\u00fck\u00fcmler eklenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu tip h\u00fck\u00fcmler s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ihtiyari unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etmekte olup, emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmler ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmamak kayd\u0131yla pek \u00e7ok konuda d\u00fczenleme getirmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin: Karda, tasfiye bakiyesinde, oy hakk\u0131nda ve di\u011fer konularda baz\u0131 maliklere di\u011ferlerine nazaran farkl\u0131 ve \u00fcst\u00fcn haklar sa\u011flayan \u00f6zel kategori paylar\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n belli bir s\u00fcre ile s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fik ve a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f toplant\u0131 ve karar yeter say\u0131lar\u0131 vs.<\/p>\n

\u0130htiyari h\u00fck\u00fcmler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli olan nokta ise, TTK\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin ortakl\u0131\u011fa uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in mutlaka ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede a\u00e7\u0131k bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn yer almas\u0131 gereklili\u011fidir. Bu durumda, s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fck\u00fcmden yararlanmak isteyen ortakl\u0131k, ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine buna ili\u015fkin ihtiyari olarak bir h\u00fck\u00fcm eklemelidir.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 ba\u015fka hallerde ise TTK h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in bu konuda ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede aksi bir d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gereklidir. Bu iki hal, ihtiyari h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin serbest\u00e7e eklenebilmeleri hususunda bir ayr\u0131m te\u015fkil ederler.<\/p>\n

4.Ticaret Kanunu Tasar\u0131s\u0131\u2019ndaki Durum<\/strong><\/h3>\n

TTK tasar\u0131s\u0131nda, evvelce 279. maddede \u201cEsas Mukavele\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yer alan h\u00fck\u00fcm, 339. maddede ve \u201cEsas S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Temel olarak \u00e7ok k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00f6ylenemez. TTK2da yer alan ve ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede bulunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ifade edilen unsurlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa Tasar\u0131\u2019da da yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6ncelikli olarak, TTK\u2019da yer almayan iki yeni madde eklenmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. D bendinde, pay senetlerinin nama veya h\u00e2miline yaz\u0131l\u0131 olacaklar\u0131; belirli paylara tan\u0131nan imtiyazlar, devir s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131n ve K bendinde ise \u015firketin faaliyet y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer almas\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu oldu\u011fu h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bunun haricinde ise, TTK\u2019da mevcut olan di\u011fer baz\u0131 hususlar tadil edilmi\u015ftir. TTK\u2019da Y\u00f6netim Kurulu ve imza yetkilerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra denet\u00e7ilerin de say\u0131lar\u0131 ve imza yetkilerinin belirtilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fken, Tasar\u0131\u2019da denet\u00e7ilerle ilgili getirilen k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikliklere paralel olarak, sadece Y\u00f6netim Kurulu \u00fcyelerinin say\u0131lar\u0131 ile imza yetkilerinin belirlenmesi zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yine TTK\u2019da ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede Genel Kurul\u2019un daveti ve oy vermenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u201cm\u00fczakere icras\u0131\u201d ve \u201ckarar verilmesi\u201d hususlar\u0131n\u0131n tabi oldu\u011fu \u015fartlar\u0131n belirtilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fken, Tasar\u0131\u2019da sadece Genel Kurul\u2019un davet bi\u00e7imi ve oy haklar\u0131n\u0131n ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede g\u00f6sterilmesi yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Son olarak ise, TTK\u2019da \u015firketin ani \u015fekilde kurulmas\u0131 halinde pay sahiplerinin taahh\u00fct etti\u011fi sermaye paylar\u0131n\u0131n ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede belirtilece\u011fi ifade edilirken, Tasar\u0131\u2019da kurulu\u015f sistemlerinde ya\u015fanan de\u011fi\u015fiklik nedeniyle \u201cani kurulu\u015f halinde\u201d ibaresi metinden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve genel olarak pay sahiplerinin sermaye miktar ve nevilerinin ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede belirtilmesi zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Doktrinde, Tasar\u0131 maddeleri hem terminoloji itibariyle hem de \u201cSermayenin tamam\u0131n\u0131n taahh\u00fct edilmi\u015f.\u201d ibaresinin ve ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye eklenebilecek ihtiyari kay\u0131tlarla ilgili bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

5.Bankalar\u0131n Kurulu\u015fu<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Bankalar, Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu\u2019nun 7\/a bendi uyar\u0131nca mutlaka Anonim \u015eirket bi\u00e7iminde kurulmak zorundad\u0131rlar. Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu uyar\u0131nca, Bankalar\u0131n kurulu\u015f i\u015flemleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan TTK\u2019da yer alan Anonim \u015eirketlere ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler ve Bankalar Kanunu\u2019nun \u00f6zel d\u00fczenlemeleri beraber uygulanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir bankan\u0131n aktif olarak faaliyet g\u00f6sterebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikli olarak kurulu\u015f iznini almas\u0131 ve kurulu\u015f i\u015flemlerini tamamlamas\u0131, daha sonra ise faaliyet izni almas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

5.1. Kurulu\u015f \u0130zni<\/strong>Bankalar, Anonim ve Limited \u015eirketlerin Kurulu\u015f ve Ana S\u00f6zle\u015fme De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u0130\u015flemlerine \u0130li\u015fkin Esaslar Tebli\u011fi\u2019nde Sanayi ve Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan izin al\u0131narak kurulan Anonim Ortakl\u0131klar aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu\u2019nda da izin sistemi kabul edilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bankan\u0131n kurulabilmesi i\u00e7in Bankac\u0131l\u0131k D\u00fczenleme ve Denetleme Kurulu\u2019ndan (Kurul) da izin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bakanl\u0131k ve Kurul izinleri aras\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli fark, takdir yetkileri bak\u0131m\u0131ndand\u0131r. TTK md 280 uyar\u0131nca Bakanl\u0131k, izin ba\u015fvurusunda bulunan \u015firketin ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde kanuna ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir h\u00fck\u00fcm bulunmad\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvuruyu reddedemez. Ancak Kurul taraf\u0131ndan verilen izin bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise Kanun\u2019un 7. maddesi ile son derece mu\u011fl\u00e2k kriterler getirilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylelikle Kurul\u2019un takdir yetkisinin alan\u0131 geni\u015fletilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bankalar Kanunu madde 6, kurulu\u015f izninin Kurul taraf\u0131ndan verilebilece\u011fini h\u00fckme ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130zne ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvuruda herhangi bir eksiklik bulunmas\u0131 halinde, s\u00f6z konusu eksikli\u011fin tamamlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde ilgililere bildirim yap\u0131l\u0131r. Alt\u0131 ay i\u00e7inde eksikliklerin tamamlanamamas\u0131 halinde ise ba\u015fvuru ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5.1.1. Kurulu\u015f \u015eartlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Bankan\u0131n kurulu\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131, Kanun\u2019un 7. maddesinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:
\na) Banka Anonim \u015eirket \u015feklinde kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\nb) Hisse senetleri nakit kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131 ve tamam\u0131 nama yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r,
\nc) Kurucular\u0131n Kanun\u2019un 8. maddesinde belirtilen \u015fartlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131,
\nd) Y\u00f6netim Kurulu \u00fcyelerinin kanunda yer alan kurumsal y\u00f6netim h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinde belirtilen nitelikleri ve planlanan faaliyetleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilecek mesleki tecr\u00fcbeye sahip olmalar\u0131,
\ne) \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen faaliyet konular\u0131n\u0131n planlanan mali, y\u00f6netim ve organizasyon yap\u0131s\u0131 ile uyumlu olmas\u0131,
\nf) Nakden ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc muvazaadan ari olarak \u00f6denmi\u015f sermayesinin en az 30.000.000 TL olmas\u0131,
\ng) Ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine uygun olmas\u0131,
\nh) Kurumun etkin denetimini engellemeyecek \u015feffaf ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir ortakl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131 ve organizasyon \u015femas\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131,
\ni) Konsolide denetimi engelleyici nitelikte herhangi bir hususun bulunmamas\u0131,
\nj) \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen faaliyet konular\u0131na ait i\u015f planlar\u0131n\u0131, kurulu\u015fun mali yap\u0131s\u0131 ile ilgili projeksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131 sermaye yeterlili\u011fini de i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde, ilk \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00e7e plan\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131sal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini g\u00f6steren bir faaliyet program\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7 kontrol, risk y\u00f6netimi ve i\u00e7 denetim sistemi de dahil olmak \u00fczere ibraz etmelidir.<\/p>\n

5.1.2. Kurucularda Aranan \u015eartlar<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Kurucular bak\u0131m\u0131ndan aranan \u015fartlar ise Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu\u2019nun 8. maddesinde yer almaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. a) M\u00fcflis olmamas\u0131, konkordato ilan etmi\u015f olmamas\u0131, uzla\u015fma yoluyla yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma ba\u015fvurusunun tasdik edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 ya da hakk\u0131nda iflas\u0131n ertelemesi karar\u0131n\u0131n verilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131,
    \nb) Fona devredilen bankalarda nitelikli paya sahip bulunmamas\u0131 veya kontrol\u00fc elinde bulundurmamas\u0131,
    \nc) Tasfiyeye tabi tutulan bankerler ile Tasfiyeye tabi tutulan bankerler ile iradi tasfiye haricinde tasfiyeye tabi tutulan finansal kurulu\u015flarda, faaliyet izni kald\u0131r\u0131lan kalk\u0131nma ve yat\u0131r\u0131m bankalar\u0131nda, ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n temett\u00fc hari\u00e7 ortakl\u0131k haklar\u0131 ile y\u00f6netim ve denetimi Fona intikal eden veya bankac\u0131l\u0131k yapma ve mevduat ve kat\u0131l\u0131m fonu kabul etme izin ve yetkileri kald\u0131r\u0131lan kredi kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda, Fona intikalinden veya bankac\u0131l\u0131k yapma ve mevduat ve kat\u0131l\u0131m fonu kabul etme izin ve yetkileri kald\u0131r\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce nitelikli paya sahip olmamas\u0131 veya kontrol\u00fc elinde bulundurmamas\u0131,
    \nd) Taksirli su\u00e7lar hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere affa u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olsalar bile m\u00fclga 765 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu ve di\u011fer kanunlar uyar\u0131nca a\u011f\u0131r hapis veya be\u015f y\u0131ldan fazla hapis, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu ve di\u011fer kanunlar uyar\u0131nca \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan fazla hapis cezas\u0131yla cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 veya m\u00fclga 3182 say\u0131l\u0131 Bankalar Kanununun, bu Kanunla y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lan 4389 say\u0131l\u0131 Bankalar Kanununun, bu Kanunun ve 2499 say\u0131l\u0131 Sermaye Piyasas\u0131 Kanununun ve \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 para verme i\u015fleri hakk\u0131nda mevzuat\u0131n hapis cezas\u0131 gerektiren h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine muhalefet yahut m\u00fclga 765 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu veya di\u011fer kanunlar uyar\u0131nca basit veya nitelikli zimmet, zimmet, irtikap, r\u00fc\u015fvet, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, doland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, sahtecilik, inanc\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanma, dolanl\u0131 iflas gibi y\u00fcz k\u0131zart\u0131c\u0131 su\u00e7lar ile istimal ve istihlak ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131, resmi ihale ve al\u0131m sat\u0131mlara fesat kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma, kara para aklama veya Devlet\u2019in \u015fahsiyetine kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar ile Devlet s\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurma, Devlet\u2019in egemenlik alametlerine ve organlar\u0131n\u0131n sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar. Devlet\u2019in g\u00fcvenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, Anayasal d\u00fczene ve bu d\u00fczenin i\u015fleyi\u015fine kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, milli savunmaya kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, Devlet s\u0131rlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar ve casusluk, yabanc\u0131 devletlerle olan ili\u015fkilere kar\u015f\u0131 su\u00e7lar, vergi ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan veya bu su\u00e7lara i\u015ftirakten h\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc bulunmamas\u0131,
    \ne) Gerekli mali g\u00fc\u00e7 ve itibara sahip bulunmas\u0131,
    \nf) \u0130\u015fin gerektirdi\u011fi d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ve yeterlili\u011fe sahip olmas\u0131,
    \ng) T\u00fczel ki\u015fi olmas\u0131 halinde, risk grubu ile birlikte ortakl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u015feffaf ve a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Banka Ana S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri<\/strong><\/h1>\n

    Bankalar, Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu<\/a>\u00b4nun 7. maddesinde belirtildi\u011fi gibi, anonim \u015firket bi\u00e7iminde kurulmak zorundad\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca yine ayn\u0131 Kanunun 2. maddesinde belirtildi\u011fi gibi, Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu\u2019nda h\u00fck\u00fcm bulunmayan hallerde genel h\u00fck\u00fcmler tatbik edilecektir. Bu nedenle TTK\u2019da Anonim \u015eirketler ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler burada da s\u00f6z konusudur. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, TTK taraf\u0131ndan zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131nan unsurlar\u0131n Banka ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde de yer almas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Bunun haricinde, Bankalar\u0131n ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde Bankalar Kanunu\u2019ndan ileri gelen bir tak\u0131m \u00f6zellikler de bulunmaktad\u0131r. her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, bir Bankan\u0131n kurulu\u015f izni alabilmesi i\u00e7in ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine uygun olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ancak TTK\u2019dan farkl\u0131 olarak, ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer almas\u0131 gereken hususlar ayr\u0131ca say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Banka ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli ay\u0131r\u0131m, bunlar\u0131n faaliyet konular\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bankalar\u0131n faaliyet konular\u0131, Bankalar Kanunu\u2019nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, Bankalar\u0131n bunlar\u0131n haricinde herhangi bir i\u015fle i\u015ftigal etmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle, ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde de faaliyet konusu k\u0131sm\u0131 Kanunda say\u0131lanlarla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmak ve burada belirtilen \u015fartlara uygun bulunmak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bankalar\u0131n ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi de Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zellik arz etmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re, bankalar\u0131n ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikli olarak Kurul izni al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Kanun\u2019un 16. maddesi uyar\u0131nca, b\u00f6yle bir izin al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin Ticaret Siciline tescili m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Yine ayn\u0131 madde uyar\u0131nca, bankalar ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerini internet sitelerinde yay\u0131nlamakla m\u00fckelleftir. Ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin de\u011fi\u015fmesi halinde ise g\u00fcncellemelerin 10 g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde internet sitesine yans\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

    Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/h5>\n

    Bankalar\u0131n ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine ili\u015fkin yukar\u0131daki a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan da anla\u015f\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi, Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu\u2019nda ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 kurallar getirilmemi\u015f ve ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin hangi ko\u015fullarla de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi hususu ile faaliyet konular\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar yapmakla yetinilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bunun sebebini anlayabilmek i\u00e7in Bankalar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fant\u0131m\u0131zdaki yeri ile Banka Hukuku\u2019nun temellerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekmektedir. Bankalara ili\u015fkin hukuk kurallar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda burada temel olarak iki amac\u0131n bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecektir: 1) Mevduat sahiplerinin korunmas\u0131 2) Genel anlamda \u00fclke ekonomisinin korunmas\u0131. Ellerinde bulundurduklar\u0131 ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve bunun k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n neticelerini (\u0130mar Bankas\u0131n\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 zararlar gibi) g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurdu\u011fumuzda, bu tip bir denetimin son derece gerekli oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanununun incelenmesinden de Kanun\u2019un bu minvalde \u015fekillendirildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bankalar\u0131n denetimi ile istikrar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n hayati \u00f6nemde oldu\u011funun bilincinde bulunan Kanun Koyucu, bu noktada ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelere yer vermi\u015f ve nispeten teknik bir konu say\u0131lan ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin unsurlar\u0131 konusunda TTK h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin yeterli olaca\u011f\u0131 kanaatiyle Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanununda bu hususta d\u00fczenlemelere yer vermemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    Anonim \u015eirketler Hukuku\u2019nun g\u00fcncel uygulamalar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunun son derece yerinde bir yakla\u015f\u0131m oldu\u011fu da anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. S\u0131rf ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde yer alan denetimler ve matbu haz\u0131rlanan denet\u00e7i raporlar\u0131 gibi unsurlar ne yaz\u0131k ki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Anonim \u015eirketleri\u2019nin ger\u00e7e\u011fi durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde yer alan zaruri unsurlar \u015firket \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmekle beraber, bunun sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde i\u015flemesini sa\u011flamaktan \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle uygulamada, Kanun taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanamayan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yap\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulabilmesi i\u00e7in, zorunlu unsurlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ihtiyari unsurlara ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde fazlas\u0131yla yer verildi\u011fi bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n

    Netice olarak, Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu\u2019nun \u00f6z\u00fc, bir g\u00fcven kurumu olan bankan\u0131n bu g\u00fcveni sarsmadan, mali istikrar i\u00e7erisinde ve m\u00fc\u015fterileri ile \u00fclke ekonomisine g\u00fcven vererek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in de, b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte bir denetim sa\u011flamaktan \u00f6te ge\u00e7emeyecek olan \u00f6zellikli ana s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmleri getirilmeyerek, denetim unsurunun g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi yoluna gidilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00c7EV\u0130K, KEMAL. Ekonomi Hukuku Yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile Banka Hukuku, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara 2007.<\/p>\n

    DO\u011eANAY, \u0130SMA\u0130L. T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu \u015eerhi, C.1, 4. Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 2004.<\/p>\n

    DOMAN\u0130\u00c7, HAYR\u0130. \u0130lmi Makalelerim 1, Beta Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 2005.<\/p>\n

    \u0130MREG\u00dcN, O\u011eUZ. Anonim Ortakl\u0131klar, 4. Bask\u0131, Yasa Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 1989.<\/p>\n

    MORO\u011eLU, ERDO\u011eAN. T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu Tasar\u0131s\u0131 De\u011ferlendirme ve \u00d6neriler, 5. Bask\u0131, Vedat Kitap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 2007.<\/p>\n

    POROY, REHA \u2013 TEK\u0130NALP, \u00dcNAL \u2013 \u00c7AMO\u011eLU, ERS\u0130N. Ortakl\u0131klar ve Kooperatif Hukuku, 10. Bask\u0131, Ar\u0131kan Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 2005.<\/p>\n

    TEK\u0130NALP, G\u00dcL\u00d6REN \u2013 TEK\u0130NALP, \u00dcNAL. Bankalar ve Finansal Kurumlar Mevzuat\u0131 ile 5411 Say\u0131l\u0131 Bankac\u0131l\u0131k Kanununun A\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 ve Dogmatik Mimarisi, 3. Bas\u0131, Ar\u0131kan Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul 2006.<\/p>\n

    Banka Ana S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri<\/h4>\n
    Av.Habip Bozkurt (\u0130stanbul Barosu)<\/strong><\/a><\/h5>\n\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Bankalar, sahip olduklar\u0131 \u00f6nem nedeniyle, \u00f6teden beri Ticaret Kanunu haricinde, kendi \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi tutulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak yine de<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[33,36,32,34,35],"yoast_head":"\nBanka Ana S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri – K\u00fcresel Hukuk – Makale<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Anonim Ortakl\u0131klar\u2019\u0131n banka ana s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, TTK h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca ve bunlara uygun olarak d\u00fczenlenmek zorundad\u0131rlar. 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