{"id":1187,"date":"2018-01-04T18:29:59","date_gmt":"2018-01-04T15:29:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kureselhukuk.com\/?p=1187"},"modified":"2021-04-22T13:02:37","modified_gmt":"2021-04-22T10:02:37","slug":"kefalet-sozlesmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kureselhukuk.com\/en\/kefalet-sozlesmesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u015eekil \u015eartlar\u0131 ve Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131na G\u00f6re Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"

6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u015eekil \u015eartlar\u0131 ve Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131na G\u00f6re Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tan\u0131m olarak Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, kefilin bir ba\u015fka \u015fahs\u0131n alacakl\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 as\u0131l borcun ifas\u0131ndan sorumlu olmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct etti\u011fi s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir. \u015eu halde Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kefilin alacakl\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 bor\u00e7lunun borcunu ifa etmemesinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ki\u015fisel olarak sorumlu olmay\u0131 \u00fcstlendi\u011fi s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir.
Yeni T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu(TBK) kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde ilk olarak ge\u00e7erlilik \u015fekline ili\u015fkin esasl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler getirmi\u015ftir. TBK Kefaletin \u015fekline ili\u015fkin madde 583 ile eski 818 Say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu kefalette \u015fekli d\u00fczenleyen 484. Maddesi k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; eski 818 S. Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin \u015feklini, 484. Maddesinde, \u015f\u00f6yle d\u00fczenlemekte idi:
\u201cKefaletin s\u0131hhati, tahriri \u015fekle riayet etme\u011fe ve kefilin mes\u00b4ul olaca\u011f\u0131 muayyen bir mikdar iradesine m\u00fctevakk\u0131ft\u0131r\u201d.
6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 Yeni T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun<\/a> 583. Maddesi Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde \u015fekle ili\u015fkin hususlar\u0131 d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. \u201c\u015eekil\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 madde incelendi\u011finde:
\u201cKefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a ve kefilin sorumlu olaca\u011f\u0131 azam\u00ee miktar ile kefalet tarihi belirtilmedik\u00e7e ge\u00e7erli olmaz. Kefilin, sorumlu oldu\u011fu azam\u00ee miktar\u0131, kefalet tarihini ve m\u00fcteselsil kefil olmas\u0131 durumunda, bu s\u0131fatla veya bu anlama gelen herhangi bir ifadeyle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na girdi\u011fini kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde kendi el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla belirtmesi \u015fartt\u0131r.
Kendi ad\u0131na kefil olma konusunda \u00f6zel yetki verilmesi ve di\u011fer tarafa veya bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye kefil olma vaadinde bulunulmas\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u015fekil ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Taraflar, yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekle uyarak kefilin sorumlulu\u011funu borcun belirli bir miktar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmay\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilirler.
Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde sonradan yap\u0131lan ve kefilin sorumlulu\u011funu art\u0131ran de\u011fi\u015fiklikler, kefalet i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fekle uyulmad\u0131k\u00e7a h\u00fck\u00fcm do\u011furmaz\u201d
818 say\u0131l\u0131 eski Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu ile 6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun getirdi\u011fi yenilikler Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde \u015fekil a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131m\u0131ndan; 6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 583. maddesi 818 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun 484. Maddesine denk d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.
Yarg\u0131tay 19. Hukuk Dairesi 2013\/18631E.- 2014\/1721K. Ve Yarg\u0131tay 6. Hukuk Dairesi 2015\/1158E.-2015\/1506K. Yarg\u0131tay 6. Hukuk Dairesi 2015\/4341E.-2016\/2016\/1257K. Say\u0131l\u0131 kararlar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde Y\u00fcksek mahkemenin; s\u00f6zle\u015fme 6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanun\u00b4unun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi 01.07.2012 tarihinden \u00f6nce imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda kefaletin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 818 Say\u0131l\u0131 BK H\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re belirlemektedir.
Y\u00fcksek mahkemenin Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde 01.07.2012\u00b4yi esas ald\u0131\u011f\u0131, 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 yasa h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin 01.07.2012 tarihinden sonra imzalanan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu kabul etti\u011fi 01.07.2012 tarihinden \u00f6nce imzalanan kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde 818 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ancak s\u00f6zle\u015fme 01.07.2012 tarihinden \u00f6nce imzalanm\u0131\u015f olsa da 818 say\u0131l\u0131 yasan\u0131n kefalete ili\u015fkin 484. Maddesinde “Kefaletin s\u0131hhati, tahriri \u015fekle riayet etme\u011fe ve kefilin mes\u00b4ul olaca\u011f\u0131 muayyen bir mikdar iradesine m\u00fctevakk\u0131ft\u0131r.” denildi\u011finden yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve kefilin sorumlu oldu\u011fu kefalet miktar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r.
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Genel olarak:
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11 Ocak 2011 tarihinde kabul edilen 01 Temmuz 2012\u2019de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu Kefalet Hukuku ve Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri anlam\u0131nda kapsaml\u0131 ve yenilik\u00e7i bir yasad\u0131r.
Doktrinde s\u0131k s\u0131k anlam ve yorum karma\u015fas\u0131 yaratan en \u00f6nemli olgulardan biri kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin tan\u0131m\u0131 idi. 818 say\u0131l\u0131 eBK m. 483\u2019de yap\u0131lan kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi tan\u0131m\u0131ndan sadece s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan bor\u00e7lara kefil olunabilece\u011fi anlam\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 yeni yasada kefilin sadece s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden kaynaklanan de\u011fil para ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc borca kefil olabilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015f bu anlam karga\u015fas\u0131 son bulmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece uygulamada s\u0131k s\u0131k problem ya\u015fatan borcun do\u011fumu olgusuna y\u00f6nelik tart\u0131\u015fmalar kapanm\u0131\u015f oldu.
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK ile Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yeniden tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi daha s\u0131k\u0131 \u015fartlara ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanunda kefalete ili\u015fkin olarak hem \u015fekil \u015fartlar\u0131 daha s\u0131k\u0131 hale getirilmi\u015f hem de 818 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nda var olmayan e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131<\/a> \u015fart\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir. 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK ile getirilen \u015fekil ve e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131na ili\u015fkin kurallar kefilin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte d\u00fczenlemelerdir. B\u00f6ylece kefil olmak daha s\u0131k\u0131 kurallara ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
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1.) Yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015eekil \u015eart\u0131:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n


6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m. 583\/f.1 d\u00fczenlemesi ile yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131 ve kefalet limitinin g\u00f6sterilmesi zorunlulu\u011fu aynen korunmu\u015f ek olarak kefalet tarihinin de belirtilmesi zorunlu unsurlara dahil edilmi\u015ftir. Emredici bir h\u00fck\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Kefalet tarihi olmayan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ge\u00e7ersiz olacakt\u0131r.
Kefilin, sorumlu oldu\u011fu azam\u00ee miktar\u0131, kefalet tarihini ve m\u00fcteselsil kefil olmas\u0131 durumunda bu s\u0131fatla veya bu anlama gelen herhangi bir ifadeyle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na girdi\u011fini kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde kendi el yaz\u0131s\u0131yla belirtmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Kefili risklerden koruma fakt\u00f6r\u00fc kanun koyucu taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f \u00f6nemli bir vurgudur. El yaz\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7ermeyip maktu \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ge\u00e7ersiz olacakt\u0131r.
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m. 583\/f.2\u2019de getirilen bir di\u011fer yenilik kefilin sorumlulu\u011funun borcun belli bir miktar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda yap\u0131lacak d\u00fczenlemelerde de yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n aranaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m. 583\/f.3 ile getirilen bir yenilik kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde sonradan yap\u0131lan ve kefilin sorumlulu\u011funu artt\u0131ran de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin, kefalet i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fekle uyulmad\u0131k\u00e7a h\u00fck\u00fcm do\u011furmayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu d\u00fczenleme de kefili korumaya y\u00f6nelik bir yeniliktir.
Temsilen kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kurulabilmesi i\u00e7in kefile \u00f6zel yetki verilmesi konusu 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m. 583\/f.2\u2019de \u00f6zel olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Kendi ad\u0131na kefil olma konusunda \u00f6zel yetki verilmesinin de kefalete ili\u015fkin \u015fekle tabi oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin temsil yoluyla akdedilebilmesi i\u00e7in temsilcinin \u00f6zel olarak yetkilendirilmi\u015f bulunmas\u0131 ve bu yetkilendirmenin de ayn\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131na tabi olmas\u0131 dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.
TBK m.14 f.1 uyar\u0131nca; yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde bor\u00e7 alt\u0131na girenlerin imzalar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 zorunludur. Bu kural Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde uygulanmaz. TBK M. 583 \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcm niteli\u011finde olup kefilin beyan\u0131n\u0131 belirli bir \u015fekle ba\u011flayan bu h\u00fck\u00fcm kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda genel nitelikteki TBK m.14 f.1\u2019de uygulanmaz.
Elektronik \u0130mza Kanunu m.5f.2 uyar\u0131nca\u201d Kanunlar\u0131n resm\u00ee \u015fekle veya \u00f6zel bir merasime tabi tuttu\u011fu hukuk\u00ee i\u015flemler ile teminat s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri g\u00fcvenli elektronik imza ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemez.\u201d \u015eu halde kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin elektronik imza ile v\u00fccuda getirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r.
2.) Kefilin Sorumlu Olaca\u011f\u0131 Azami Miktar\u0131n G\u00f6sterilmi\u015f Olmas\u0131
Limit mutlaka kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde ve kefilin el yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde limitinin TL ile g\u00f6sterilme zorunlulu\u011fu da yeni kanunla getirilmedi\u011finden kefalet limitinin yabanc\u0131 para ile g\u00f6sterilmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.
3.) Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesine Getirilen E\u015f R\u0131zas\u0131 \u015eart\u0131
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m. 584 ile 818 say\u0131l\u0131 eBK\u2019da bulunmayan bir koruma h\u00fckm\u00fc getirmi\u015f ve bu maddede cinsiyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeksizin e\u015f r\u0131zas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Mahkemece verilmi\u015f bo\u015fanma, ayr\u0131l\u0131k karar\u0131, yasal olarak ayr\u0131 ya\u015fama hakk\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece e\u015fin kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na girmesi di\u011fer e\u015fin en ge\u00e7 kefaletin kurulu\u015fu an\u0131nda izin vermesi \u015fartt\u0131r.
Emredici olan bu d\u00fczenlemeden e\u015flerin feragat etmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi e\u015fler aras\u0131nda se\u00e7ilmi\u015f mal rejiminin niteli\u011fine de bak\u0131lmaz.
4.) Adi kefalet bak\u0131m\u0131ndan
Yeni d\u00fczenleme ile adi kefalette alacakl\u0131n\u0131n do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kefile ba\u015fvurabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle bor\u00e7lu aleyhine icra takibi yap\u0131lmal\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7 olarak kesin aciz vesikas\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.
5.) M\u00fcteselsil kefalet a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan
Yeni d\u00fczenleme ile m\u00fcteselsil kefilin tali (ikincil) niteli\u011fi ikinci plana itilmi\u015f; ancak fer\u2019i niteli\u011fi korunmu\u015ftur.
Eski yasada kavram karga\u015fas\u0131 yaratan t\u00fcm ibareler kald\u0131r\u0131larak; 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m. 586\/f.1\u2019de \u201cm\u00fc\u015fterek m\u00fcteselsil bor\u00e7lu\u201d kavram\u0131 metinden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bunun yerine kefilin \u201cm\u00fcteselsil kefil ya da bu anlama gelen ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle\u201d m\u00fcteselsil kefil olma iradesini a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131 gere\u011finden bahsetmi\u015ftir. M\u00fcteselsil kefalet olgusunda anla\u015fma ve kefilin bunu senette el yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile yazmas\u0131 halinde m\u00fcteselsil kefil olma iradesinin sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.
6.) Birlikte Kefalet A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan
Yeni yasada t\u0131pk\u0131 eski yasada oldu\u011fu gibi birden fazla kimsenin ayn\u0131 borca birlikte kefil olmalar\u0131 halinde her birinin kendi pay\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan adi kefil di\u011ferinin pay\u0131 i\u00e7in kefile kefil s\u0131fat\u0131yla sorumlu olacaklar\u0131, m\u00fcteselsil birlikte kefillerin her birinin borcun tamam\u0131ndan sorumlu olacaklar\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK m. 587\/f.2 ile getirilen yenilik ise tan\u0131nan defiler bak\u0131m\u0131ndand\u0131r. Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm m\u00fcteselsil kefillere kar\u015f\u0131 ayn\u0131 anda takibe ge\u00e7mesi zorunlulu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve alacakl\u0131n\u0131n bu zorunlulu\u011fa uymay\u0131p m\u00fcteselsil birlikte kefillerden sadece birine takip yapmas\u0131 halinde o kefile b\u00f6lme def\u2019i hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
Sonu\u00e7:
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 TBK ile kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yeniden tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f, s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fekli y\u00f6nden s\u0131k\u0131 \u015fartlara ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lave olarak 818 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nda yer almayan e\u015fin r\u0131zas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm bunlar ku\u015fkusuz kefili koruyan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir.
Azami miktar kefalet t\u00fcr\u00fc ve kefalet tarihi hususlar\u0131nda kefilin el yaz\u0131s\u0131 ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n aranmas\u0131 sebepleri ile kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bundan b\u00f6yle kefil yarar\u0131na daha zor kurulabilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

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<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tan\u0131m olarak Kefalet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, kefilin bir ba\u015fka \u015fahs\u0131n alacakl\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 as\u0131l borcun ifas\u0131ndan sorumlu olmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct etti\u011fi s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":985,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[42,41,40],"yoast_head":"\nKefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi \u015eekil \u015eartlar\u0131 ve Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131na G\u00f6re Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Birle\u015fme, Kefalet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi. 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